An illustration of how the Fort might have appeared, published by the National Park Service
Dr Eric Klingelhofer and
Image credit: Mercer University
Dr Klingelhofer is a retired professor of history at Mercer University in Macon,Georgia.
Discoveries of colonial settlements in Virginia and North Carolina owe much to the efforts of people like J.C. Harrington (1901-1998), known as the 'father of historical archaeology in America'.
Equally notable in this field was Ivor Noël Hume OBE (1927-2017), described in his obituary in the New York Times as 'an accidental, self-taught English-born archaeologist who unearthed the earliest extensive traces of British colonial America. Dr Klingelhofer worked as a senior archaeologist with Noël Hume during the Colonial Williamsburg excavations at the 1619 Wolstenholme Town site at Carter’s Grove Plantation near Williamsburg, Virginia. He is
currently Vice President for Research,
First Colony Foundation.
Discoveries of colonial settlements in Virginia and North Carolina owe much to the efforts of people like J.C. Harrington (1901-1998), known as the 'father of historical archaeology in America'.
Equally notable in this field was Ivor Noël Hume OBE (1927-2017), described in his obituary in the New York Times as 'an accidental, self-taught English-born archaeologist who unearthed the earliest extensive traces of British colonial America. Dr Klingelhofer worked as a senior archaeologist with Noël Hume during the Colonial Williamsburg excavations at the 1619 Wolstenholme Town site at Carter’s Grove Plantation near Williamsburg, Virginia. He is currently Vice President for Research,
First Colony Foundation.
Dr Klingelhofer has not only worked at Roanoke Island since the early 1990s, but has led archaeological research efforts at sites related to Sir Walter Raleigh in both Ireland and the Caribbean, and it was with his experience of discoveries in Ireland that he began his talk.
In July and August 1991, Mercer University sponsored a programme of archaeological fieldwork at Mogeely Castle and Curraglass, near Conna, Co. Cork. These two settlements are important because they are depicted in unique detail on the earliest estate map in Ireland, made in 1598, and showing land that Raleigh leased.
Kilcolman Castle finds
Source: http://core.ecu.edu/umc/Munster/excavation-diagrams.html
Sadly, where land had been ploughed over the centuries, 'not much' emerged from archaeological surveys, explained Dr Klingelhofer. But at Kilcolman, the castle associated with Raleigh's friend the poet Edmund Spenser, the exciting discovery of a bone tuning peg for a lute was made. ‘Centering Spenser’ a Digital Resource for Kilcolman Castle,
Kilcolman Castle finds
Source: http://core.ecu.edu/umc/Munster/excavation-diagrams.html
Sadly, where land had been ploughed over the centuries, 'not much' emerged from archaeological surveys, explained Dr Klingelhofer. But at Kilcolman, the castle associated with Raleigh's friend the poet Edmund Spenser, the exciting discovery of a bone tuning peg for a lute was made. ‘Centering Spenser’ a Digital Resource for Kilcolman Castle,
including a virtual tour of the building, had been produced by East Carolina University. It can be accessed at
http://core.ecu.edu/umc/Munster/index.html
Moving on to North Carolina, Dr Klingelhofer referred to the artefacts discovered in 2008 following excavations by the First Colony Foundation in an area associated with Sir Walter Raleigh's colonization efforts and Algonquian habitation near the Thomas Harriot Trail on Roanoke Island.
Artifacts recovered in this area included sizeable pieces of Algonquian tobacco pipes and pottery, fragments of French ceramic flasks, Venetian white glass trade beads, wrought nails, and an entire necklace of copper squares that was probably the elaborate personal ornament of a Roanoke Indian who had acquired it through trade.
Above: The copper necklace in situ and after restoration
Photo credits: First Colony Foundation
English explorers and colonists carried copper to trade with Indians in coastal North Carolina and Virginia. For these Indian groups, copper was highly prized and represented high status.
A particularly exciting moment was the discovery of curved bricks which had evidently formed a metallurgist's crucible. This has led to the belief that Raleigh's colonists, under the direction of Thomas Hariot, had set up a Science Centre on Roanoke Island.
A depiction of Joachim Gans and Thomas Hariot, scientists employed by Raleigh, in the workshop which they set up on Roanoke Island. In the 1990s, when archaeologists uncovered the site of the mineral laboratory, they discovered traces of copper from which silver was likely to have been extracted.
Image credit: National Park Service https://www.nps.gov
More about Joachim Gans at https://raleigh400.blogspot.com/2018/05/was-raleigh-really-jewish.html
and
https://www.firstcolonyfoundation.org/news/honoring-joachim-gans/
You can read Dr Klingelhofer’s article ‘What happened to the lost colony of Roanoke Island?’ published in History Extra, the official website for BBC History Magazine and BBC World Histories Magazine at https://www.historyextra.com/period/tudor/what-happened-to-the-lost-colony-of-roanoke-island/
http://core.ecu.edu/umc/Munster/index.html
Moving on to North Carolina, Dr Klingelhofer referred to the artefacts discovered in 2008 following excavations by the First Colony Foundation in an area associated with Sir Walter Raleigh's colonization efforts and Algonquian habitation near the Thomas Harriot Trail on Roanoke Island.
Artifacts recovered in this area included sizeable pieces of Algonquian tobacco pipes and pottery, fragments of French ceramic flasks, Venetian white glass trade beads, wrought nails, and an entire necklace of copper squares that was probably the elaborate personal ornament of a Roanoke Indian who had acquired it through trade. Above: The copper necklace in situ and after restoration
Photo credits: First Colony Foundation
English explorers and colonists carried copper to trade with Indians in coastal North Carolina and Virginia. For these Indian groups, copper was highly prized and represented high status.
A particularly exciting moment was the discovery of curved bricks which had evidently formed a metallurgist's crucible. This has led to the belief that Raleigh's colonists, under the direction of Thomas Hariot, had set up a Science Centre on Roanoke Island.
A depiction of Joachim Gans and Thomas Hariot, scientists employed by Raleigh, in the workshop which they set up on Roanoke Island. In the 1990s, when archaeologists uncovered the site of the mineral laboratory, they discovered traces of copper from which silver was likely to have been extracted.
Image credit: National Park Service https://www.nps.gov
More about Joachim Gans at https://raleigh400.blogspot.com/2018/05/was-raleigh-really-jewish.html
and
https://www.firstcolonyfoundation.org/news/honoring-joachim-gans/
You can read Dr Klingelhofer’s article ‘What happened to the lost colony of Roanoke Island?’ published in History Extra, the official website for BBC History Magazine and BBC World Histories Magazine at https://www.historyextra.com/period/tudor/what-happened-to-the-lost-colony-of-roanoke-island/
Dr Bly Straube, the Symposium's second speaker, was part of the team of archaeologists who located James Fort, the first permanent English settlement in the New World. She was one of the founding members of the Jamestown Rediscovery Archaeological Project in 1994 and served as the Senior Curator for over twenty years. In 2005, she was elected as a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries, London.
Dr Bly Straube, as featured in the March 2013 edition of Williamsburg's magazine Next Door Neighbors
In this role Dr Straube managed the archaeological laboratory with oversight of the curatorial assistants, conservators, interns, and volunteers. She developed the archaeological study collection from over 2 million artifacts recovered during the project. Dr Straube was an integral part of the planning surrounding the observation of the 400th anniversary of Jamestown’s founding.
Slides of the artefacts that had been discovered featured a finely worked glass goblet, a Roman lamp and a beautifully worked earpicker for removing wax from the colonists' ears. https://historicjamestowne.org/selected-artifacts/ear-picker/
Slides of the artefacts that had been discovered featured a finely worked glass goblet, a Roman lamp and a beautifully worked earpicker for removing wax from the colonists' ears. https://historicjamestowne.org/selected-artifacts/ear-picker/
That particular item is one of many in the Archaearium, pictured above. This is the archaeological museum at Historic Jamestowne, opened in 2006. Dr Straube worked with Haley Sharpe Design on the design of the building and the installation of exhibits.
An archaeological dig taking place, near the statue of Pocohontas at Jamestown in 2014 Photo by Ken Lund
Much remains to be discovered at Roanoke. Dr Straube referred to the copper necklace featured above, and suggested that John White's watercolours gave hints of what also might be found. She mentioned the ceramic vessels known by archaeologists as martincamp flasks, many of which have been found at Jamestown. Gourd-shaped and made of earthenware or stoneware, they were usually used by field workers or soldiers. She has written about them at http://www.chipstone.org/html/publications/CIA/2001/Straube/StraubeIndex.html
An especially fascinating slide that she showed featured a personalised clay pipe bearing Raleigh's name. Others produced by the early Jamestown pipe-making industry had been stamped with the names of Sir Charles Howard, Lord High Admiral of the English Fleet, and the Earl of Southampton, Shakespeare’s major patron and a top Virginia Company official.
The significance of such personalised pipes is the subject of an article in National Geographic News, 30 November 2010 https://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/11/101129-jamestown-personalized-pipes-virginia-history-colonial-america/
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